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New Jersey itself is a home to many large pharmaceutical companies—and if these companies use AI to design new drugs, nearby data centers are vital, Sullivan says.
“If you’re three people at a desk trying to develop the next Google, the next Tesla—in the AI space or in any space—this computing power is scarce. And it’s very valuable. It’s essential,” Sullivan says. So, in addition to any permanent jobs created by these companies, the tax incentives could lead to further growth and innovation for smaller startups, he claims. “The potential for economic impact is off the charts.”
Still, skeptical policy experts say the AI carveout may just be a new bow on an older idea, coming as the AI boom creates a rapid increase in demand for data centers. “There’s just this history of [tax incentive] deals building up the necessary infrastructure for these tech firms and not paying off for the taxpayer,” says Pat Garofalo, director of state and local policy at the American Economic Liberties Project, a nonprofit organization that calls for government accountability. The loss in tax revenue “is often astronomical” when compared to each job created, Garofalo says.
A 2016 report by Tarczynska showed that governments often forego more than $1 million in taxes for each job created when subsidizing data centers that are built by large companies, and many data centers create between 100 and 200 permanent jobs. The local impact may be small, but The Data Center Coalition, an industry group, paints a different picture: Each job at a data center supports more than six jobs elsewhere, a 2023 study it commissioned found.
In other states, a backlash against data centers is growing. Northern Virginia, home to a high concentration of data centers that sit close to Washington, DC, has seen political shifts as people oppose the centers’ growing presence. In May, Georgia’s governor vetoed a bill that would have halted tax breaks for two years as the state studied the energy impact of the centers, which are rapidly expanding near Atlanta.
This hasn’t deterred Big Tech companies’ expansion: In May, Microsoft announced it would build a new AI data center in Wisconsin, making a $3.3 billion investment and partnering with a local technical college to train and certify more than 1,000 students over the next five years to work in the new data center or IT jobs in the region. Google said just a month earlier it would build a $2 billion AI data center in Indiana, which is expected to create 200 jobs. Google will get a 35-year sales tax exemption in return if it makes an $800 million capital investment.
In Europe, the same contradictory approach is playing out: Some cities, including Amsterdam and Frankfurt, where companies have already set up data centers, are pushing new restrictions. In Ireland, data centers now account for one-fifth of the energy used in the country—more than all of the nation’s homes combined—raising concerns over their impact on the climate. Others are seeking out the economic opportunity: The Labour Party in the UK promised to make it easier to build data centers before emerging victorious in the recent UK election.
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